the other hand, the system of governing cities in this
civilization began with the monarchy, continued with the
system of the republic and the Senate, and finally ended
with the empire.
which was sometimes used in an extreme way, has many
uses.
City during the industrial revolution
The emergence and expansion of multiplicative
arches in temples and urban spaces, the addition of a
The city was completely influenced by industry
during this period, which caused many changes, such as:
creating various and new functions in the city and
especially in the formation of industries, the expansion of
these industries in cities caused a population explosion
due to the large migration of villagers to the city. Working
in the factory and earning more money. And at the same
time, we are witnessing the formation of large-scale
service operations to meet the large urban population,
which is like hotels and large shops. Another change that
occurred with the development of the industry is
providing new transportation using smelters.
The railway is also a new element that has affected
the shape of the city and challenged the natural fences of
time and space.
The Middle Ages are divided into two periods in
terms of city and urbanization:
water supply network,
a
sewerage network, the
construction of multi-storey dwellings and the
construction of settlements called "Castra" as military
barracks in the conquered lands.
Island surveying sketch
Island surveying sketch is prepared with the roleve
measurements and signed by the renovation team (Yalcin
points in the cadastre island, to survey cadastre island
points, to write coordinate values of these points, and to
The final roleve sketch (on computer or on paper) shows
the boundaries of the parcels, the linear measurements, the
points and their coordinates, area and the identification
2013).
1: The era of feudal mechanism domination over
most of Europe.
2: From about 1200 AD, cities began to form with a
dominant commercial function.
City in the middle ages
The Middle Ages are divided into two periods in
terms of city and urbanization. The first period is the
period of domination of the feudal mechanism over most
of Europe. During this period, the people were forced to
work in the fields of the feudal lords for their livelihood.
As a result, the city and urbanization are degraded and
dominated by the rural way of life. From about 1200 AD,
City after World War II
There are many trends in this period, but in the case
of architecture and urban planning, all events can be
summarized under the main slogan of modern
architecture. The city center as its most important symbol
provides its administrative and commercial centers to the
general discourse of the modern city. The basis of all
these changes was the power and tools that were provided
to architects and urban planners with the advancement of
technology. These powerful tools caused theorists to
completely separate themselves from the architecture and
urban planning of the past and turn a blind eye to the
existing structure of man, and the existence of different
cultures and tendencies in all parts of the world. This kind
of view led to the emergence of a style called the
international style.
cities began to take shape with
a predominantly
commercial practice, and this is the second period of
not live in cities or towns. And yet, cities lay at the heart
With the formation of the primary nuclei of cities, the
"surfers" or feudal workers began to migrate in search of
better economic and social conditions achieved through
trade and related small industries.
In general, the city is changing. Public spaces play an
important role. Streets and alleys that were once grocery
stores, butchers, etc. are now the place of business of
many shops, restaurants, cafes. The capitalist economy
and private companies are formed and developed.
City in the renaissance
Humanism, as the main shaping factor in the form of
the Renaissance city, rises up against the God-
centeredness of the Catholic Church and influences the
various layers of European human life. Being at the center
of the world of man in this movement has also had effects
on the shape and structure of the city. The discovery of
perspective as a view of the living environment from the
point of view of the observer (human), made the street
element important in the Renaissance. As a result, in the
two elements of street and square, the use of symmetry as
one of the principles of renaissance urban space design,
Pre-Islamic city
The pre-Islamic Persian city did not form and expand
at the beginning of its emergence under the influence of
Mesopotamian civilization. In general, the general
structure of the pre-Islamic Iranian city, despite the ups
and downs, is the first fortress of the government, which is
the location of the palace of temples and military
facilities. The second is the middle city, which is the
To cite paper: Nasrollahi N, Najafi N, Razzaghi F, Kazemi
Z
(2019). Roleve and Historical Building Measurement Studies. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 9 (5): 48-50.
49