2019 Scienceline Publication

Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism

Volume 9, Issue 4: 24-35; July 25, 2019

ISSN-2252-0430

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/scil.2019.jceu4

Innovative Civil Engineering Applications of Smart Materials for

Smart Sustainable Urbanization



Mohammad Noori1,2 and Peyman Narjabadifam3,4

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, 93405 San Luis Obispo CA, USA

²Distinguished Visiting National Chair Professor, Southeast University, Nanjing, China

³Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bonab, 5551761167 Bonab, Iran

⁴Department of Structural Earthquake Engineering, Sharestan Tarh Tabriz Consultants, 5166846849 Tabriz, Iran

^Corresponding author’s Email: narjabadi@tabrizu.ac.ir

ABSTRACT

Urban areas are formed by buildings and many other types of structures. Smart and sustainable structures in this

regard are required for smart sustainable urbanization, to be consistent with the progressive development of the

world. Materials possessing a capability of adapting themselves with their environment, either in passive or active

conditions, are known as smart materials and capable of bringing smartness into our structures. There are different

types of smart materials that can be utilized in the construction of structures. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), fiber

optics, piezoelectric materials, Magneto-Rheological (MR) fluids, Electro-Rheological (ER) fluids and

magnetostrictive materials are the promising examples of smart materials that deserve increasing interest in civil

engineering applications. Innovative applications of these materials in construction industry are investigated in this

paper. Brief descriptions of the physical principles are provided, and the proof of concept demonstrations are

presented. Advantages and limitations of the implementation of each material in civil structures are defined and the

effectiveness of passive systems are discussed. It is concluded that SMAs are the best candidates among the

available smart materials that can be used for earthquake-resistant design of structures. The suitability of SMAs as

aseismic devices is then verified experimentally. It is also shown that materials with damping and stiffness

properties changing by changes in stress/strain and/or acceleration are similarly useful for the purpose of earthquake

protection of structures. Production and application of these types of smart materials, however, require further

research but seems to be more attractive in the civil engineering profession.

Keywords: Smart Materials; Sustainable Urbanization; Civil Structures; Earthquake Protection; Aseismic Devices.

INTRODUCTION

for external sources of energy. The main difference

between conventional and smart materials is then in

producing the useful and extraordinary response because

all the materials react in any form to their environment.

This extraordinary response to a form of engineering and

environmental excitations (Schwartz, 2009 ) is provided by

different mechanisms such as change in crystallographic

structure. Smart systems are similarly defined as systems

with a certain level of smartness or autonomy toward

structural safety and serviceability as well as the extension

of structural service life, relying on inherent properties of

materials or embedded functions of added sensors,

actuators, and processors that can automatically adjust

structural properties in response to excitations (Otani et

al., 2000 ). The various types of smart materials are listed

below:

Materials play an important role in civil engineering and

urban development. Application of proper materials and

systems in civil structures results in improved structural

performances that satisfy the public requirements in urban

areas.

Structures designed with conventional materials and

traditional systems have limited capacities in providing

high performances (Cheng et al., 2008 ). The search for

non-conventional materials and non-traditional structural

systems to satisfy high performance requirements has

been the main task during the past years (Saadat et al.,

2002). Smart materials are a category of materials capable

of improving the performances of civil structures.

The word smart is often used to market new

products (Worden et al., 2003 ) but in principle a material

is smart if it possesses an awareness of its situation and

reacts to its environment by changing one or more of its

properties to produce a reversible useful effect or response

upon receiving an excitation. This can be either active or

passive, occurring respectively with or without the need

 Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs)

 Fiber optics

 Piezoelectric Materials (PEMs)

 Electro/Magneto-Rheological (ER/MR) Fluids

 Magnetostrictive Materials

Citation: Noori M and Narjabadifam P. (2019). Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J. Civil Eng. Urban., 9(4): 24-35.

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24

Noori and Narjabadifam, 2019

Possible applications of smart materials and systems

SMA braces has also been addressed in the literature

(Cardone and Narjabadifam, 2011; Qiu and Zhu, 2017;

Narjabadifam and Hejazirad, 2018 ). Figure 2(c) illustrates

the device studied by Qiu and Zhu (2017). As far as the

application of SMAs in the role of reinforcements of

concrete elements is considered, reference can be given to

the studies by Abdulridha et al. (2013), Wang and Zhu

(2018), and Wang et al. (2019). Figure 2(d) provides the

work presented by Abdulridha et al. (2013).

in civil engineering mainly include structural health

monitoring, vibration suppression, minimization of

vibratory loads, and earthquake mitigation (Chopra and

Sirohi, 2014 ). Effective practical application requires a

detailed investigation on physical principles and the study

of pros and cons of using these materials in civil

engineering structures and urban projects.

In the following sections, innovative applications of

smart materials in civil engineering projects are

investigated and the proof of concept demonstrations are

provided, giving the required details with regard to the

physical principles. Advantages and limitations of the

application of each material class (SMAs, fiber optics,

PEMs, ERs, MRs, and magnetostrictive materials) are

discussed and the most useful applications are concluded,

addressing also the challenges.

(a)

Shape memory alloys and their applications

SMAs are a class of smart materials capable of

recovering from large deformations through the

application of heat or removal of stress. Recovering

capability due to the application of heat is known as the

shape memory effect, when the recovery through the

removal of stress is referred to as superelasticity (or

pseudoelasticity). Figure

1 provides the schematic

representation of these two specific behaviors.

(b)

Figure 1. The schematic representation of shape memory

effect and superelasticity of SMA materials

These two specific behaviors are caused by the

crystalline phase changes between martensitic (twinned or

detwinned) and austenitic phases.

(c)

SMAs have been used in many different fields of

engineering over the past years (Cismasiu, 2010 ).

Application of SMAs in civil engineering relies on unique

recovering, energy dissipation, and isolation mechanisms

provided by these materials (Dolce and Cardone, 2001 ). A

practical application based on energy dissipation

mechanism including also martensitic recovering has been

tried by Ocel et al. (2004) using martensitic SMA tendons

in the connections of steel frames (see Figure 2a). As it is

shown in Figure 2(b), SMA-based Beam-column

connections have similarly been recently investigated by

Moradi and Shahria Alam (2015). The implementation of

(d)

Figure 2. Civil engineering applications of SMAs in the

forms of (a) martensitic beam-column connections (Ocel

et al., 2004 ), (b) austenitic beam-column connections

(Moradi and Shahria Alam, 2015 ), (c) braces (Qiu and

Zhu, 2017 ), and (d) rebars (Abdulridha et al., 2013 ).

Citation: Noori M., Narjabadifam P. 2019. Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J Civil Eng Urban, 9(4): 24-35.

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J Civil Eng Urban, 9 (4): 24-35, 2019

The most favorable application of SMAs, however,

(2003), Casciati et al. (2007), Attanasi et al. (2008),

Cardone et al. (2009), Ozbulut and Hurlebaus (2010),

Khodaverdian et al. (2012), Hedayati Dezfuli (2013),

Ozbulut and Silwal (2014), Huang et al. (2014), Fang et

al. (2015), and Narjabadifam (2015). Figure 3 provides a

brief history of SMA-based aseismic isolation systems.

is the application of these materials as isolation devices.

The first attempt to use SMAs as isolation devices has

been carried out by Dolce et al. (2000). Several systems

are then proposed by different researchers including Wild

et al. (2000), Khan and Lagoudas (2002), Cardone et al.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Practical

Application

Requires a

(i)

(j)

Construction-

Industry-Friendly

System!

Figure 3 . The SMA-based aseismic isolation systems: (a) Dolce et al (2000); (b) Wild et al. (2000); (c) Khan and Lagoudas

(2002); (d) Cardone et al. (2003); (e) Casciati et al (2007); (f) Attanasi et al. (2008); (g) Cardone et al. (2009); (h) Hedayati

Dezfuli and Shahria Alam (2013); (i) Ozbulut and Silwal (2014); (j) Narjabadifam (2015).

Citation: Noori M., Narjabadifam P. 2019. Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J Civil Eng Urban, 9(4): 24-35.

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Noori and Narjabadifam, 2019

Figure 4(a) shows the application of fiber optics for

Fiber optics and their applications

the purpose of health monitoring of a high-rise building in

Japan. Figure 4(b) aims at the same but in the concrete

structures. In figure 4(c) the application in geotechnical

engineering is represented and figure 4(d) is an example

of the application in offshore environmental engineering.

The application in bridges is also shown in figure 4(e).

The early application of fiber optics in civil

structures was reported in 1990s by embedding them in

concrete for sensing purposes (Chopra and Sirohi, 2014 ).

Up to date, different applications have been reported or

discussed by Akhras (2000), Habel and Krebber (2011),

Mikami and Nishizawa (2015), Barrias et al. (2016), Joe

et al. (2018), and Wu et al. (2018 a,b). Figure 4 provides

some examples for the applications of fiber optics in civil

engineering projects.

Piezoelectric materials and their applications

Piezoelectric materials are popular smart materials

discovered in the year 1880 by Pierre Curie and Jacques

Curie (Schwartz, 2009 ). The word “piezo” is a Greek

word meaning “to press”. Piezoelectricity means, in this

regard, electricity generated pressure (πιεζειν, in Greek

language). Piezoelectric materials respond very quickly to

changes in voltages. They can be used to generate precise

motions with repeatable oscillations. Piezoelectric

materials can be natural or man-made. The most famous

material that naturally exhibits piezoelectric effect is

quartz, but man-made materials are more efficient. From a

theoretical point of view, the piezoelectric effect is a

phenomenon involving electromechanical interconversion

between mechanical strain and electrical charge in

piezoelectric materials. Their relationship can be generally

expressed on the basis of linear coupling equations based

on stress, strain, electric field, elastic stiffness coefficient,

electrical displacement, piezoelectric stress coefficient,

and the dielectric permittivity for constant stress (Cheng et

al., 2019 ).

(a)

The Fiber Optic Sensor

(b)

The Fiber Optic Sensor

A piezoelectric material is indeed a substance that

produces an electric charge when a mechanical strain or

stress is applied, producing also a mechanical deformation

when an electric field is applied. The former is termed

direct piezoelectric effect and the latter is known as

inverse (converse) piezoelectric effect (Worden et al.,

2003 ). These effects are formed in the crystalline structure

of the material. To explain these effects, the molecular

structure of the crystals should be investigated. Each

molecule in this structure has a polarization, in which one

end is more negatively charged and the other end is

positively charged. This situation results in a dipole. The

polar axis can be considered as the imaginary line that

runs through the center of both charges on the molecule.

The arrangement of these polar axes is the source of the

piezoelectric effects. The piezoelectric materials are

naturally found with random polar axes within a

polycrystalline structure. This polycrystalline structure

can be changed to the monocrystalline structure with polar

axes arranged in the same direction, when the material is

subjected to mechanical stress or electric field. Figure 5

(c)

(d)

The

Fiber

Optic

Sensor

The Fiber Optic Sensor

(e)

The Fiber Optic Sensor

shows

a

schematic representation of the basic

polycrystalline structure near to a sample of natural quartz

and illustrates both the direct and the inverse piezoelectric

effects paying the attention on the dipoles and the changes

in the dimensions in a general shape.

Figure 4 . Fiber optics in civil structures: (a) Mikami and

Nishizawa (2015); (b) Barrias et al. (2016); (c) Habel and

Krebber (2011); (d) Joe et al. (2018); (e) Akhras (2000).

Citation: Noori M., Narjabadifam P. 2019. Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J Civil Eng Urban, 9(4): 24-35.

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27

J Civil Eng Urban, 9 (4): 24-35, 2019

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 5: Piezoelectricity: (a) the natural quartz; (b)

Schematic representation of the basic polycrystalline

structure with the random polar axes; (c) the direct

piezoelectric effect; (d) the inverse piezoelectric effect

(d)

Civil engineering applications of piezoelectric

effects include mainly health monitoring of structures,

repair, and energy harvesting. As shown in figure 6(a),

they can also be used as dampers (Chen et al., 2019 ).

Figure 6(b) shows the application for health monitoring of

a bridge (Shimoi et al., 2012 ), figure 6(c) represents the

application for the purpose of repair (Duan and Wang,

2010), and figure 6(d) shows the studies for energy

harvesting applications in buildings (Elhalwagy et al.,

2017) and highways (Jiang et al., 2014 ).

Figure

6.

Civil

engineering

applications

of

piezoelectricity: (a) as dampers (Chen et al., 2019 ); (b) for

structural health monitoring (Shimoi et al., 2012 ); (c) for

the purpose of repair (Duan and Wang, 2010 ); (d) as

energy harvesting devices (Elhalwagy et al., 2017 and

Jiang et al., 2014 ).

Citation: Noori M., Narjabadifam P. 2019. Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J Civil Eng Urban, 9(4): 24-35.

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Noori and Narjabadifam, 2019

Electro/magneto-rheological fluids and their

applications

Electro-Rheological (ER) and Magneto-Rheological

(MR) fluids are known as smart fluids because they can

change their states from liquid to gel or semisolid and vice

versa with response times on the order of milliseconds.

The basics of ER and MR fluids were discovered in the

late 1940s and early 1950s, when most of the initial

research was focused on ER fluids (Chopra and Sirohi,

2014). The higher attention on ERs, however, was

because of that devices based on ERs have a very simple

geometry and are easy to construct when compared with

MR devices.

As it was mentioned above, the key characteristic of

ERs and MRs is indeed an easy-to-obtain significant

change in fluid viscosity with the application of electric or

magnetic field respectively for ER and MR fluids. This

specific property owes to the presence of the suspended

particles that are sensitive to electric and magnetic fields.

The suspended particles are randomly distributed in the

fluid if there is no field (electric or magnetic) available,

but in the presence of electric or magnetic field the

suspended particles form chains. This is shown in figure 7

representing the micrography of a MR fluid under the

effect of a magnetic field, in comparison with the

micrography of the fluid with no magnetic field

(Spaggiari, 2013 ). As a result of the creation of the chains

inside the fluid, the rheological properties change under

the effect of the applied field.

Figure 8: Schematic representations of the arrangement of

the suspended particles in ER (up) and MR (down) fluids,

subjected to respectively electric and magnetic fields

As far as the application is considered, both ER-

based and MR-based devices can be produced and used in

civil engineering projects (Makris et al., 1996; Choi and

Wereley, 2002 ). MRs, however, are preferred to ERs

because of three main limits of ERs: (i) very limited yield

stress (maximum 5–10 kPa) of ERs, (ii) common

impurities that might be introduced during manufacturing

and may reduce the capacity of ERs, and (iii) high-voltage

(about 4000 V) power supply required to control ERs,

resulting in safety, availability, and cost issues (Cheng et

al, 2008 ). Figure 9 shows the schematics of both ER and

MR dampers to represent the working principles of them.

Figure 7: The micrography of a MR fluid subjected to

magnetic field (left), compared with the micrography of

the fluid without magnetic field (Spaggiari, 2013 )

ER and MR fluids are very similar in terms of their

composition and behavior. ER fluids change their

properties in response to an electric field, while MR fluids

respond to a magnetic field. Both the responses are

schematically shown in figure 8. ER and MR fluids are,

however, different in terms of their density, yield stress,

and other mechanical properties. The yield stress of MR

fluids is an order of magnitude higher than that of ER

fluids. MR fluids are, in addition, much more tolerant to

impurities and can be operated by low voltage power

supply. This low voltage is much safer to work, compared

to the high voltage required for ER fluid devices.

Figure 9: Schematics of ER (up) and MR (down) dampers

(Cheng et al., 2008 ), representing the working principles

of these two smart dampers

Citation: Noori M., Narjabadifam P. 2019. Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J Civil Eng Urban, 9(4): 24-35.

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J Civil Eng Urban, 9 (4): 24-35, 2019

A more detailed prototype schematic of the MR

Magnetostrictive materials and their applications

damper, which is more attractive for seismic protection of

civil engineering structures, is also shown in figure 10,

providing at the same time its application in a bridge

(Weber et al., 2006 ). It should be noted that the

application is displayed right after installation in a bridge

near Kampen city in Netherlands, and thus without a

protective cover.

Magnetostriction is a smart property of some

ferromagnetic materials which causes them to expand or

contract in response to a magnetic field. This smart effect

indeed allows magnetostrictive materials to convert

electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy, which is

attractive for engineering purposes and can also be useful

in civil engineering applications. Once a magnetic field is

applied to a magnetostrictive material, its molecular

dipoles and magnetic field domains rotate to align with

the field. This causes the material to strain and elongate.

The magnetostrictive effect was first discovered by James

Prescott Joule in 1842, when he was observing a sample

of iron that resulted in definition of the concept of

magnetostriction. This effect, for this reason, is also

known as Joule’s effect (Ghorbanpour Arani and

Khoddami Maraghi, 2016 ).

(a)

Terfenol-D (an alloy of the formula Tb_xDy_1−xFe₂

(x~0.3), initially developed in the 1970s) is the well-

known material that possesses magnetostrictive properties,

with the highest magnetostriction exhibited among other

materials (Dong et al., 2011; Yang, 2016 ).

The most popular and simple model to explain the

magnetostriction behavior is the ellipsoid model. This

model is demonstrated in figure 11. In this model, the

magnetic boundaries are represented by ellipsoids with

predefined magnetic directions. Under magnetic field,

ellipsoids rotate and cause a change in dimension. The

change in dimension due to the magnetostrictive effect

can be increased if a pre-stress is applied before. The

ellipsoid model can also be used to explain the effect of

pre-stress on magnetostriction, which is included in figure

11. Applying a pre-stress make the ellipsoids rotate away

from the stress direction. Then if a magnetic field is

applied in the direction of the applied stress, the resulting

elongation will be larger than that without pre-stress.

(b)

Figure 10. Implementation of MR dampers in structural

control of a bridge: (a) the detailed 3D schematic of the

prototype; (b) the photograph of the damper right after

installation (Weber et al., 2006 )

Many other applications and investigations have also

been reported, up to date. Application of MR dampers in

base isolation systems (Oliveira et al., 2018 ) and the study

of ageing effects (Caterino et al., 2018 ) are the most

recent examples.

Figure

11.

Schematic

representation

of

the

magnetostrictive effect (normal state and pre-stress added)

described by the ellipsoid model.

Citation: Noori M., Narjabadifam P. 2019. Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J Civil Eng Urban, 9(4): 24-35.

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Noori and Narjabadifam, 2019

Magnetostrictive materials can be used as sensors

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE

APPLICATION OF EACH MATERIAL

and/or actuators for the purposes of vibration control or

non-destructive evaluation of civil engineering structures.

Figure 12(a) shows the schematic of a magnetostrictive

actuator that can be used in vibration control (Deng and

Dapino, 2018 ) and figure 12(b) is the photograph of a

As it was discussed in the previous sections, the smartness

of smart materials can be either active or passive. The

smartness in civil engineering can then be achieved by

active, passive, semi-active, or hybrid smart systems

(Cheng et al., 2008 ). Active systems require external

sources of energy with large control efforts that may cause

control-induced instability. They work also generally

based on some complicated devices, which are not

available always in practice. Passive systems, on the other

hand, are generally simple-structured and consume no

addition energy but sometimes not fully adaptive to the

possible uncertainties. Semi-active and hybrid systems lift

typically the limitations and the drawbacks but remain

rather complicated again to obtain widespread application

in civil engineering projects. Construction industry, in this

regard, is more interested in the passive smart systems

being also robust and cost-effective in addition to the

above-mentioned merits.

setup

for

the

experimental

investigation

of

magnetostrictive actuators in vibration control of a beam

(Moon et al., 2005 ), and figure 12(c) demonstrates the

application of magnetostrictive sensors in non-destructive

evaluation of concrete structures (Dong et al., 2011 ).

(a)

Civil engineering structures, in general, are

subjected to large forces. Earthquakes are one of the most

important sources of these large forces. Smart earthquake-

resistant design of civil engineering structures requires

large-scale smart devices. Some of the smart materials,

however, fail to satisfy this requirement. This will be

evident if one compares the orders of magnitudes of the

forces generated by different smart materials. The

discussion provided in the relating previous section to

compare ER dampers with MR dampers is an example of

this. SMAs are more suitable for this purpose, compared

to the other smart materials. The unique superelastic

behavior exhibited by the austenitic form of these alloys is

the most favorable characteristic of them for earthquake

(b)

protection of structures.

A

simple experimental

verification of this effectiveness is provided in figure 13,

showing the behavior exhibited by a 1mm diameter SMA

wire subjected to cyclic loading, in addition to the proofs

available in the literature (Dolce and Cardone, 2001;

Saadat et al., 2002; Cardone et al., 2011 ). The wires used

in this study were supplied by a French company (nimesis

technology: a leading company in the development of

SMA-based devices, www.nimesis.com) and the alloy

type was NiTi, which is the most famous SMA but rather

expensive. Many other alloys, however, can be used and

the performances are similar. Iron-based alloys have

recently been proposed to provide better performances at a

lower cost (Cladera et al., 2014; Wen et al., 2014; Sakon,

2018 ). Various structural elements, in addition can be

produced by SMAs. Wires, wire bundles, bars, films, and

most recently wire ropes are some examples. Bars and

wire ropes are the most suitable elements for large-scale

civil engineering structures, when the wire ropes are

preferred in practice with regard to some metallurgical

difficulties included in the production of the bars

(c)

Figure 12. Civil engineering applications of the

magnetostrictive materials: (a) schematic of

magnetostrictive actuator (Deng and Dapino, 2018 ); (b)

vibration control of a beam (Moon et al., 2005 ); (c) non-

destructive evaluation (Dong et al., 2011 )

a

Citation: Noori M., Narjabadifam P. 2019. Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J Civil Eng Urban, 9(4): 24-35.

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J Civil Eng Urban, 9 (4): 24-35, 2019

(Reedlunn et al., 2013; Mercuri, 2014; Carboni et al.,

engineering structures. This would be preferred to be

passive, as discussed above, but an active control is also

applicable. Production and application of these types of

smart materials, however, form a challenge in this field

and require further research but seems to be more

attractive in the civil engineering profession.

2015; Kitamura, 2016; Ozbulut et al., 2015; Biggs, 2017 ).

Active Control Devices

Superstructure

Base Slab

(if required)

Self-centering

Mechanism

(if required)

Foundation

Gap Cover

Smart Stiffness-

Smart Damping

Gap Seal

Figure 14: Acceleration/strain-sensitive smart stiffness

and smart damping properties can be useful in civil

engineering

CONCLUSION

The applications of smart materials in civil engineering

projects was investigated based on the evaluation of their

working principles and the review of previous innovative

applications. The investigation was started with the study

of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs). It was shown that

SMAs find lots of applications in civil engineering

projects, based on both superelasticity and shape memory

effect. Fiber optics were evaluated as the useful sensors

for structural health monitoring of a wide range of

structures. Piezoelectricity was found to be useful for

damping devices, for structural health monitoring, for the

purpose of repair, and for the energy harvesting devices.

Electro-Rheological (ER) fluid dampers were compared to

Magneto-Rheological fluid dampers and it was shown that

MRs are more suitable for civil engineering applications

because of some drawbacks of ERs such as their very

limited yield stress and the high-voltage power supply

required to provide the control effect. The principles of

magnetostriction were investigated and it was shown that

magnetostrictive materials can be used as actuators and

sensors in vibration control and non-destructive evaluation

of structures. A discussion was then provided on the

advantages and limitations of the application of each

smart material in civil engineering projects. Based on the

specific requirements of the civil engineering structures,

in which the need for large-scale elements is the most

important of them specifically when the earthquake

protection is considered, it was concluded that SMAs are

Figure 13: Experimental verification of the suitability of

SMAs for structural earthquake engineering applications:

(up) the test apparatus; (down) the superelastic behavior

exhibited by the tested SMA wire under cyclic loading

As it can be seen, a high reversable strain within a

repeatable hysteretic behavior providing also an

acceptable energy dissipation property can be obtained by

these materials. These features are indeed suitable for the

application in aseismic design.

Further developments in the field of smart materials

regarding their applications in civil engineering structures

can be addressed in the production of materials with

damping and stiffness properties changing by changes in

stress/strain and/or acceleration. As it is shown in figure

14, these kinds of smart materials can be used for the

purpose of earthquake protection of structures. They can

provide an isolation mechanism, as the most popular and

effective method of aseismic control for most of the civil

Citation: Noori M., Narjabadifam P. 2019. Innovative civil engineering applications of smart materials for smart sustainable urbanization. J Civil Eng Urban, 9(4): 24-35.

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32

Noori and Narjabadifam, 2019

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Conflict of interest statement

We hereby state that, there is no conflict of interest

whatsoever with any third party.

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